
Surface Flatness Requirements of Sapphire Windows in High-Precision Optical Interferometry Experiments
High-precision optical interferometry is a cornerstone technique in modern physics, metrology, and engineering, enabling measurements of distances, surface profiles, and refractive indices with sub-nanometer accuracy. The reliability and precision of these experiments strongly depend on the quality of the optical components used, particularly transparent windows that interface with laser beams or optical cavities. Among these,








