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Sapphire Optical Windows: Material Properties, Engineering Performance, and Application Significance
Sapphire optical windows are high-performance optical components manufactured from single-crystal aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). Owing to their exceptional mechanical strength, thermal stability, chemical inertness, and wide optical transmission range, sapphire windows are extensively used in environments where conventional optical materials fail. This article presents a scientific overview of sapphire optical windows from the perspectives of material