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- \n
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2. \u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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3. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f. \u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644. \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0648\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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4. \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0648\u062a \u0643\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
1. \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0648\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635. \u0641\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062f \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0648\u062a \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2. \u062a\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0648\u062a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0634\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0648\u0634\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0637\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0637\u062d\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0626\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3. \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0648\u062a \u0628\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a \u0636\u0627\u0631. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u062a\u0648\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- \u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0648\u062a<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062d\u0643\u064e\u0645<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0648\u062a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
4. \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0648\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0627\u0635\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0648\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0635\u0641\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u00ab\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0627\u00bb \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u201c\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0648\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637\u201d. \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
5. \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
6. \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0648\u064a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u064f\u062d\u0633\u064e\u0651\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
7. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0633\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0637\u064a\u062d<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062c\u064a<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0636\u063a\u0637\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0648\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a<\/th> \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u061f<\/th><\/tr><\/thead> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/td> \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0648\u062a \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c Al\u2082O\u2083<\/td><\/tr> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636<\/td> \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629<\/td><\/tr> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643<\/td> \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/td><\/tr> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/td> \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/td><\/tr> \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/td> \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062a\u062a \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642<\/td><\/tr> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0637\u064a\u062d<\/td> \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td><\/tr> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a<\/td> \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/td><\/tr> \u0634\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/td> \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/td><\/tr> \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/td> \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c<\/td><\/tr> \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621<\/td> \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641<\/td><\/tr> \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a<\/td> \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642<\/td><\/tr> \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0645<\/td> \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/td><\/tr> \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647<\/td> \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/td><\/tr> \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/td> \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/td><\/tr> \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628<\/td> \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a<\/td><\/tr> \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635<\/td> \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632: \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u064a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Seal type: O-ring, metal gasket, brazed joint, welded housing, or custom assembly.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Housing material and flange design.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Required safety factor or applicable standard.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Quantity for prototype and production.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
The more complete the technical information, the easier it is for the supplier to recommend a realistic sapphire window design.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Common Mistakes to Avoid<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Mistake 1: Selecting Thickness Only by Catalog Size<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Catalog windows are not always rated for hydrogen or high-pressure service. The same sapphire window may be safe in one mounting design but unsafe in another. Thickness should be reviewed together with aperture, pressure, support type, and safety factor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mistake 2: Ignoring the Seal<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Many failures occur at the seal rather than the sapphire itself. Hydrogen leakage, polymer permeation, gasket compression loss, or metal embrittlement can compromise the system even if the sapphire remains intact.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mistake 3: Using Sharp Edges<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Sharp sapphire edges increase the risk of chips and cracks. A controlled chamfer or bevel should be included in the drawing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mistake 4: Treating Hydrogen Like Ordinary Compressed Air<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Hydrogen service has unique safety and compatibility challenges. The full assembly should be reviewed under the expected hydrogen pressure, temperature, cycling, and leak rate requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mistake 5: Overlooking Optical Performance Under Load<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
For optical sensing, deformation and stress may affect the measurement. The window should be designed for both mechanical strength and optical accuracy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Sapphire windows can be an excellent choice for hydrogen and high-pressure gas systems because they combine optical transparency, high hardness, wear resistance, chemical stability, and strong mechanical properties. They are especially useful when engineers need optical access into pressure vessels, hydrogen test chambers, gas reactors, fuel cell systems, or spectroscopy cells.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
However, the design risk should not be underestimated. In hydrogen systems, the sapphire window is only one part of the pressure boundary. The housing, gasket, metal flange, brazing layer, surface quality, edge design, pressure rating, thermal expansion, and hydrogen compatibility of all surrounding materials must be considered.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
For buyers, the best approach is to provide complete working conditions rather than only a size drawing. Pressure, temperature, gas composition, optical wavelength, leak rate, mounting method, and safety requirements should all be discussed before production. A well-designed sapphire window assembly can provide long-term optical access in demanding hydrogen and high-pressure gas environments, but it must be engineered as a complete system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
1. Can sapphire windows be used directly in hydrogen systems?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Yes, sapphire can be used in hydrogen-related systems, but the full assembly must be reviewed. The sapphire disc, metal housing, seal, coating, brazing layer, and mounting design all need to be compatible with hydrogen pressure, temperature, and cycling conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2. Is sapphire stronger than ordinary glass for pressure windows?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Yes. Sapphire generally provides much higher hardness, stiffness, and mechanical strength than common optical glasses. However, final pressure resistance still depends on window thickness, unsupported aperture, edge support, surface quality, and safety factor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3. What is the biggest risk when using sapphire windows in high-pressure hydrogen?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
The biggest risk is usually not the sapphire material alone, but the complete pressure boundary. Seal leakage, metal hydrogen embrittlement, gasket permeation, mounting stress, edge chips, and pressure cycling must all be controlled.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
4. Do sapphire windows need anti-reflective coating?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Not always. Uncoated sapphire can be used for many observation applications. AR coating is recommended when higher transmission is required at a specific wavelength, such as laser diagnostics, spectroscopy, imaging, or optical gas sensing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
5. What information should I provide for a custom sapphire window inquiry?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
You should provide gas type, maximum pressure, test pressure, temperature range, window size, unsupported aperture, thickness requirement, optical wavelength, leak rate, mounting method, seal type, coating requirement, and application environment.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Hydrogen energy, high-pressure gas research, fuel cell testing, gas compression, pressure vessels, and optical diagnostics all require reliable observation or sensing access. In many systems, engineers need a transparent window that can separate a pressurized gas environment from the outside while still allowing light, laser beams, cameras, sensors, or spectrometers to work through the chamber 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